TMZ

URL	TMZ.com
Slogan	Celebrity Gossip. Entertainment News. Celebrity News.
Commercial?	Yes
Type of site	Celebrity news
Registration	Optional[1]
Available language(s)	English
Owner	Time Warner
Created by	Jim Paratore[2]
Editor	Harvey Levin
Launched	November 8, 2005 (2005-11-08)[3]
Alexa rank	553 (April 2013[update])[4]
Current status	News-in media

TMZ is a celebrity news website that debuted on November 8, 2005. It was a collaboration between AOL and Telepictures Productions, a division of Warner Bros.,^[5] until Time Warner divested AOL in 2009. However, it remained affiliated with AOL News and has the AOL News logo affixed in the upper right corner. The name TMZ stands for thirty-mile zone, the historic "studio zone" centered at the intersection of West Beverly Boulevard and North La Cienega Boulevard in Los Angeles.

TMZ's managing editor is Harvey Levin, a lawyer-turned-journalist who was previously a legal expert for the Los Angeles television station KCBS-TV.^[6] The site claims that it does not pay for stories or interviews; however, Levin has admitted that TMZ does "sometimes pay sources for leads on stories".^[7][8][9] Levin has stated that "everything is researched and vetted for accuracy."^[10] A companion TV series, TMZ on TV, debuted on September 10, 2007.

Development [edit]

Seven months prior to the official launch of TMZ.com, America Online (AOL) had hinted that it was planning to launch a Hollywood- and entertainment-centric news site that would be produced in conjunction with Telepictures Productions and had shown interest in launching a website featuring a focus mainly on celebrities.^[11] At the time of the launch, AOL confirmed that the site would primarily feature and consist of Hollywood gossip, including interviews, photos and video footage of celebrities and information pertaining to industry news on movies, television shows, etc.^[11] The site was described as "an effort to further feed the current American obsession with celebrities". Mike Shields of MediaWeek.com wrote, "the site also boasts of an expansive collection of archived star photos and videos", allowing fans to "trace changing hairlines and waistlines of their favorites performers over the years".^[11]

Background [edit]

Since 2005, TMZ.com has signed Revlon, Chrysler, Hilton Hotels and New Line Cinema as charter advertisers to their Web site.^[11] The New York Times cited TMZ.com as "one of the most successful online ventures of the last few years."^[12] In October 2008, the New York Times reported that TMZ.com, at the time, was receiving more than 10 million viewers every month.^[12] Alexa.com ranked TMZ.com as the five-hundred-fifth most trafficked website worldwide and as the one hundred-fifty-fifth most trafficked website in the United States.^[13]

Levin has acknowledged that TMZ.com has passed on multiple notable coverage because he felt that, while the stories are true, he questioned how the sources obtained their information.^[12] Levin has acknowledged that TMZ.com pays source, but in the form of a "tip fee". Levin stated that TMZ.com pays for photos and for 'tips' and or leads on stories, and defended TMZ's position by stating that the sources and tips are verified before being used and or reported.^[7]

In November 2009, TMZ's revenue was publicly disclosed for the first time.^[14] Telepictures (which TMZ.com is operated by) stated: "Subject to certain performance adjustments and the reimbursement of expenses, revenues are split evenly between the parties [...] Telepictures received payments of $6.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2009, and $12.7 million, $9.6 million and $3.0 million in 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively."^[14] Based on released figures, TMZ's revenues for 2008 was $25.4 million and is projected to have less revenue in the 2009 year with the revenue of $12.4 million in first three quarters of the year—unlike the previous year, which was within the $15 million range.^[14]

On May 29, 2012, co-founder Jim Paratore died of a heart attack during a cycling trip in France. Paratore was known for his work in television production, producing several daytime and syndicated programs.

Notable coverage [edit]

TMZ.com was the first to break the story that actor Mel Gibson had been arrested for driving under the influence; he was later confirmed to have been driving with an illegal blood alcohol level. Along with posting the story about his arrest, TMZ.com also posted Gibson's mugshot (pictured above) and a handwritten four-out-of-eight page police report from the arresting police officer pertaining to Gibson's arrest.

On July 28, 2006, TMZ.com was the first to report that^[3] actor Mel Gibson had been arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol.^[15] Along with releasing the story, TMZ also reported "exclusive details" about the case shortly after.^[15] In the report TMZ.com posted, it contained his transport to the station and time in custody, and quoted an "anonymous law enforcement source", and published four pages of a handwritten arrest report, via a PDF file.^[16] TMZ stated that the documents they posted were part of the original eight-page report which was written by the arresting officer,^[17] before the officer was allegedly instructed, by his superiors, to omit the inflammatory details about Gibson's alleged anti-Semitic comments and behavior.^[18]

On November 7, 2006, TMZ.com was the first to report that pop-singer Britney Spears had filed a petition for divorce from then-husband Kevin Federline.^[3]

On May 3, 2007, TMZ was the first to break the story, and exclusively obtain documents, stating that socialite Paris Hilton would be sentenced to forty-five days in jail as her sentencing for driving with a suspended license after losing her license from driving under the influence of alcohol four months prior.^[19]

TMZ.com was the first to publish a police photo, which at the time was being considered for evidence, of pop-singer Rihanna after an altercation with her then-boyfriend Chris Brown in February 2009. TMZ.com stated they had obtained the photo legally, but wouldn't say how.

On February 22, 2009, TMZ released what has been identified as a police evidence photo of pop-singer Rihanna after she was assaulted by now ex-partner Chris Brown.^[3] Shortly after the photo's release, Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) announced that it was investigating the leak and 'possible sale of the photo of Rihanna with a bruised and battered face after TMZ published them because the photo had been considered evidence. TMZ has claimed it obtained the photo legally but has not said how it came into possession of the photo.^[20] In the aftermath of the release of the photo, in May of the same year, a 'law', referred to as 'Rihanna Law', entitled "STOParazzi", was made^[20] The 'law'; because of the "spurred" release of the photo, aims to prevent victim exploitation.^[20]

On February 24, 2009, TMZ.com was the first to break the story that,^[3] out of the $1.6 billion Chicago's Northern Trust Bank received in federal bailout money (which they never requested and were hesitant to accept ^[21]), recipients of the money subsequently spent non-TARP dollars (dollars that were already allocated for the Northern Trust Open prior to the Capital Purchse Program ^[22]) entertaining clients in Los Angeles at venues like the House of Blues that featured performances by Chicago, Earth Wind and Fire, and Sheryl Crow and gift bags from Tiffany & Co.^[23] Shortly after TMZ.com published the story, United States Congressman Barney Frank demanded that Northern Trust repay the money it received in the bailout. Northern Trust CEO Frederick Waddell sent a letter to members of the House Financial Services Committee, stating that the bank will repay the money "as quickly as prudently possible", although at the time Congress had not yet provided provisions for the repayment of TARP funds, thus delaying the process.^[24] When Northern Trust was finally allowed to repay the TARP money on June 17, 2009, taxpayers received a 14% return on the investment, beating all major market indices over the same time period.^[25]

TMZ was the first to break the report of the death of Michael Jackson on June 25, 2009.^[26][27] The report was treated with caution by mainstream media sources at the time, despite being cited on rolling news channels. TMZ's scoop beat the major broadcast and cable news outlets by almost 3 hours, until CNN finally confirmed the story as well. Part of this delay was later explained as the other outlets' "stricter confirmation standards,"^[7] but Levin said, during an interview with Huffington Post, that TMZ.com, at the time of posting the subject, verified the story and sources. "Well, before it was officially announced. We really knew this significantly before even what was going on, but this was, you know, crossing every t. We were positive when we put it up. We put it up when we were 100% positive."^[28] TMZ were also the first to receive the coroner's report of the singer on February 8, 2010, proving Propofol dosage and negligence killed the pop legend.^[29]

TMZ was also the first to break the news of the death of Brittany Murphy on December 20, 2009.^[30]

Legal problems [edit]

Contempt of court motion [edit]

On June 20, 2007, a court-appointed bankruptcy trustee filed an emergency motion^[31] requesting that the Web site be held in contempt for its publication of the entire manuscript of If I Did It, O.J. Simpson's purportedly fictionalized account of the murder of Ron Goldman and Nicole Brown Simpson.^[32] The filing claims that TMZ's posting of the PDF of the entire book has "diminished or destroyed" the value, which the Goldman family eventually published as Simpson's confession to the murders.^[32]

Photographer altercation [edit]

While actor Woody Harrelson was at New York City's La Guardia Airport, he had an altercation with a photographer for TMZ.com.^[33] Harrelson defended himself stating that he'd at the time just finished filming his scenes from the horror film, that consists mainly of zombies, Zombieland, and that he was "startled" by the TMZ photographer. "I wrapped a movie called Zombieland, in which I was constantly under assault by zombies, then flew to New York, still very much in character ... With my daughter at the airport I was startled by a paparazzo, who I quite understandably mistook for a zombie."^[33]

Blocked in the UK [edit]

On December 24, 2010 the gossip blog Oh No They Didn't reported that TMZ.com began to block traffic from the United Kingdom, displaying the message: "Due to laws within your region, you are unable to view this website." Asked for further comment, TMZ.com responded that the blocking was due to "legal restrictions".^[34] The UK website Popbitch Board noted on December 31, 2010 that it is possible to get round the block by accessing the website through the Google Translate website. As of January 7, 2011, TMZ is accessible to the UK.^[35]

Branches [edit]

TMZ Live [edit]

TMZ Live is a live-chat program from TMZ.com., that features Levin and Charles Latibeaudiere, and historically (and now occasionally) Mike Walters^[36] (with occasional fill-in(s) for one or the both of them)^[36] that consists of reviewing information TMZ is covering on the website. The live-chat takes place at the TMZ office.^[37] From Monday to Thursday the live-chat lasts for on average thirty minutes,^[38] but on Fridays it usually lasts forty minutes to one hour.^[38]

TMZ Live lasts longer on Friday presumably because TMZ Live doesn't air for the next two days, so TMZ makes up for it by extending the time on the last live-chat for the week. As part of the live-chat, TMZ.com offers viewers who register and are currently logged into their site, the option to be able to ask the host(s) questions about any topic, mainly relevant topics and topics that are being covered on the site.^[39] As part of asking question(s), viewers leave their question(s) in the comments section of a post reminding viewers that TMZ Live will begin soon. During TMZ Live the host(s) answer specific questions they read off via a printer that is printing out all of the questions posted.^[40] On certain occasions TMZ Live has featured interviews with celebrities, doctors and people with helpful information, i.e. Dina Lohan (to talk about Michael video taping and releasing phone conversations of her and her daughter.),^[41] Dr. Arnold Klein (to talk about his client, Michael Jackson),^[42] and Ryan Seacrest (to talk about his stalker and the next season of American Idol).^[43]

In March 2012, Fox Broadcasting Company tested TMZ Live for TV broadcast with two markets in Los Angeles and Phoenix. The television show is edited for content and not shown live. In June 2012, SiriusXM Radio announced that the show would be aired daily on its Sirius XM Stars channel. In October of the same year, the television show was expanded to seven markets, adding Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Detroit and Minneapolis.

TMZ on TV [edit]

On September 10, 2007, TMZ.com launched an accompanying television series, entitled TMZ on TV.^[44][45][46] The syndicated television series airs from Monday to Friday, similar to the TMZ Live.^[47]

In the United States, the show airs in various timeslots on various stations, mainly either in early primetime or after late local news, with a 'best-of' program airing during weekends.^[48] The show covers stories similar to the website and TMZ Live, with the only difference being that TMZ on TV is only on TV and the other two branches are only on the web. TMZ.com offers viewers the option of being able to watch full episodes from the show on their website after the episode's air-date.^[49] Chris Persell, of TVWeek.com, stated that the show is a "complement [to] the Web site, with news updates added to later airings of the show".^[50] Levin and Jim Paratore served as executive producers to the show, and the on-air cast included Teresa Strasser, John Fugelsang, Ben Mankiewicz and Michael Hundgen.^[50] David Bianculli of The New York Daily News strongly criticized the television show, its topics, and what he sees as its reporters' tactics and lack of professionalism.^[45]

Dax Chat [edit]

Live chat on Ustream hosted by TMZ staffer Dax Holt. Every week day at 1pm pst Dax Holt speaks to Dax chatters known as "Chizzlers" about celebrity gossip and articles that have been posted on the TMZ website.^[51]

Criticism [edit]

Victory Studios in Glendale, California (pictured here in 2007), is where TMZ.com was launched. TMZ.com later relocated to Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles. Since April 2013 TMZ is located at 13031 W. Jefferson Blvd. in Los Angeles.^[52]

Since the launch of TMZ.com, the website has faced criticism, varying from attempted boycotts to criticism of its journalism tactics to its website's focus. The TMZ website has been criticized for its usage of photographs and videos obtained from paparazzi.^[33][53][54] Some have questioned the effect that aggressive and obtrusive photographers have on the subjects they cover.^[54] Many of their videos on the site show, in the footage, that their paparazzi chase people (mainly celebrities)—a practice that has been called dangerous^[54] and "creepy".^[53] Over the years, some have called for a boycott of TMZ.com and the accompanying show.^[55] Thane Burnett, of the Toronto Sun, criticized TMZ.com's content as being more of a gossip site, rather than reporting on newsworthy items, stating: "Instead, on the TMZ site you'll find images of a favourite male celebrity peeing into bushes."^[33]

TMZ.com faced strong criticism for purchasing stolen items pertaining to the fourth Indiana Jones film; Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.^[56] On October 2, 2007, IESB reported that a number of production photos and sensitive documents pertaining to the production budget had been stolen from Steven Spielberg's production office.^[57] Movie City News, which strongly criticized TMZ for purchasing stolen items, remarked that the then-new website "wasn't getting off to a good start".^[56] According to IESB, TMZ.com had obtained some of the stolen property and was planning on running a story about the topic on their TV show, until the film's production company, Paramount Pictures, lawyers intervened. Shortly after IESB broke the story, TMZ broadcasted details about the Indiana Jones production budget on TMZ on TV on the October 3, 2007.^[56][58]

TMZ.com has been heavily criticized for constantly reporting on Paris Hilton (left) and Lindsay Lohan (right), both of whom have been more known for their personal lives rather than their occupations. Tony Manfred, of The Cornell Daily Sun felt that TMZ's coverage of Hilton and Lohan was because of a 'personality cult'. Levin defended TMZ.com's coverage, explaining that Hilton and Lohan, in particular, are reported on because of their relevance.

Tony Manfred of The Cornell Daily Sun strongly criticized TMZ.com in an article entitled "I Want My TMZ", in which Manfred criticizes various aspects of TMZ.^[53] Manfred described TMZ.com as being "a fusion of celebrity news blog and embarrassing video archive" and felt that the website had become "the poster child for the celebrity pseudo-news industry" and that the website has "distinct advantages" over "gossip magazines" because it can "show all the borderline pornographic clips that Entertainment Tonight and Access Hollywood can’t."^[53] Manfred also noted that he felt that the website was "balanced", remarking that: "And by balanced I mean they strike a perfect equilibrium between three distinct categories of trashy video clip. I’ll group these videos into the following categories: the 'Action Caused Either Entirely or More Than Partly By Alcohol,' the 'Celebrity Car Chase,' and the 'You’re Not Famous but You’re Near a Camera So Okay'".^[53]

Jennifer Metz and David Muir of ABC News acknowledged that TMZ.com has long been criticized for their "aggressive tactics, antagonizing stars with video cameras" and noted that those "encounters, capturing at times violent celebrity confrontations with photographers, receive hundreds of hits online, and critics ask if entertainment reporters are crossing the line."^[54] Metz and Muir also questioned whether TMZ.com's tactics 'go too far'.^[54]

Ken Sunshine, publicist for Ben Affleck and Leonardo DiCaprio, stated that his clients disliked the website because it has a tendency to always be negative towards celebrities when reporting on them. "I hate that they have anything to do with trying to put celebrities into the worst light possible and that they play the 'gotcha' game".^[10] The website has been harshly criticized for having a personality cult of figures such as Lindsay Lohan and Paris Hilton – celebrities who are known more as targets for paparazzi than for the work they do.^[53] In defense for TMZ's coverage, Levin said that certain celebrities are main subjects on the Web site because of their 'relevancy' and because their relevancy helps draw viewership to the Web site.^[59] Liz Kelly, of Washington Post, attacked both Levin and TMZ.com in an article, stating: "I know this is like spitting in the wind, but I have to say it: Harvey Levin, please stop it."^[33]

In what The Smoking Gun called "a colossal screw-up", TMZ.com published an "exclusive" picture on their Web site of a man purported to be John F. Kennedy on a ship with several naked women that could have "changed history" had it come out during his presidential campaign.^[60] Despite having a Photoshop expert proclaiming the picture as "authentic", the picture was later discovered to have not been of Kennedy at all. The photo was discovered to have been part of a Playboy photoshoot from November 1967, which was later confirmed by Playboy representatives.^[61][62]

On the week of January 16, 2013, Andre Lowe was killed outside of a nightclub in Hollywood. A nearby reporter from TMZ ended up filming the attack and it was posted to the website without permission of the family.^[63] The family of Lowe started a campaign on Change.org to have TMZ take down the video and article about him.^[64] On January 22, 2013, TMZ ended up taking the video down after over two dozen advertisers revoked ads for the website because of the campaign.^[65][66]

References [edit]

External links [edit]

• Official website (Mobile)
• TMZ TV (Official Myspace page)